CR2009 PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

CR2009 PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME - Essay Example Criminal profiling is utilized by law implementation authorities like the police among other analytical offices around the world, to foresee the idea of the crooks that they are experiencing. This procedure has kept on being utilized, independent of the way that there is an absence of strong experimental/logical proof which is substantial, dependable and valuable to show that the strategy truly works and gives accurate data (Snook et al., 2007). The data hole between the use of the procedure and the absence of steady proof leads any reasonable individual to one principle question. This inquiry is: â€Å"why do numerous individuals, among them experts in criminology and law requirement accepts that criminal profiling works, independent of the way that there is an absence of strong proof to show that the procedure is profitable. Towards tending to this data hole, this report will survey the degree, to which guilty party profiling advises policing and examinations, through inspecting t he dream of wrongdoer profiling. The criminal profiling fantasy will be investigated from the perspective of the idea of the criminal profiling data conveyed to individuals, and the differed manners by which they process the data provided. The gathering of the profile of an obscure criminal conventionally, happens in three stages (Hicks and Sales, 2006). The primary stage in the process is the assortment of wrongdoing scene proof (information) by police or other law requirement authorities; the data gathered can be in various structures, including analyst records, photos and examination reports. The information gathered is then sent to a criminal profiler, who utilizes it to make expectations about the social, character and the segment attributes of the criminal engaged with the given wrongdoing. The forecasts about the idea of the criminal are then sent back to the officials examining the wrongdoing. Notwithstanding the reality

Essay Sample of Birthday Party Invitations

Essay Sample of Birthday Party InvitationsCollege essay samples of birthday party invitations are an invaluable resource for parents or educators in the curriculum. When a parent asks for these documents to create an essay, parents should know they are not only valuable for students but also have educational value. It is a good time to give a few tips on how to develop academic study plans, topics and assignments. These papers can be drafted on request by your child to help him get ready for college.So, before writing your college essays, make sure that you include some important things in your sample birthday party invitations. First, it should be motivational in nature. Always use quotes from your favorite movies, or of a famous person or a person who has touched your heart. It would help you focus on some relevant problems that you may encounter during your future life. The essay samples of birthday party invitations are very useful in creating your essay.The sample birthday party invitations have always been used as an educational tool. They can be included in the document together with the other essay samples of birthday party. Include details about the birthday party in your invitation. These are very important details that will help you impress your guests and know what you want your guests to do. Always include a list of activities, games and entertainment that your guests can participate in.To make it more exciting, organize a special event at your house on the day of your birthday party. Include some ideas that will make your guests feel that they will have an unforgettable party. There are also certain topics to give to your guests that will be helpful in preparing them for their first college experience. Many parents use the birthday party to make some improvements in their lives. When you prepare a lot of ideas, it will serve as a learning tool. Even a small improvement in one area will make a big difference in your life. birthday party Start a new activity for your birthday party once the theme has been decided. This will help you add another dimension to your party. This will definitely make your party memorable for your guests.Make a list of activities to be included in your sample birthday party invitations. You can make them easy or hard depending on the age of your child. Make it fun by including games and activities that your kids would love. Your document will contain several different topics related to the theme of your party. Make sure that you have enough time to write all of the topics that you want to cover.The college essay samples of birthday party invitations help you be creative and funny when you are writing your college essay. With just a few extra minutes, you can make it more useful. Most importantly, make sure that your essay is always creative and witty. If you follow these tips, you will surely enjoy your years in college.

What Is Register in Linguistics

In  linguistics, the register is defined as the  way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality,  also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined by such factors as social occasion, context,  purpose, and audience. Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace; in The Study of Language, linguist George Yule describes the function of jargon as helping to create and maintain connections among those who see themselves as insiders in some way and to exclude outsiders. Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You dont even need to use an actual word to communicate effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing hello speaks volumes. Types of Linguistic  Register Some linguists say there are just two types of register: formal and informal. This isnt incorrect, but it is an oversimplification. Instead, most who study language say there are five distinct registers. Frozen: This form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. Examples: The Bible, the United States Constitution, the Bhagavad Gita, Romeo and Juliet.Formal: Less rigid but still constrained, the formal register is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used, and contractions are rare. Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Grays Anatomy, by Henry Gray.Consultative: People use this register often in conversation when theyre speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one another. Examples: the lo cal TV news broadcast, an annual physical, a service provider like a plumber.Casual: This is the register people use when theyre with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and family. Its probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk with other people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common, and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings. Examples: a birthday party, a backyard barbecue.Intimate: Linguists say this register is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private. Intimate language may be something as simple as an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lovers ear. Additional Resources and Tips Knowing which register to use can be challenging for English students. Unlike Spanish and other languages, there is no special form of a pronoun expressly for use in formal situations. Culture adds another layer of complication, especially if youre not familiar with how people are expected to behave in certain situations. Teachers say there are two things you can do to improve your skills. Look for contextual clues such as vocabulary, use of examples, and illustrations. Listen for tone of voice. Is the speaker whispering or yelling? Are they using courtesy titles or addressing people by name? Look at how theyre standing and consider the words they choose. Sources Yule, George. The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2014, Cambridge.Eaton, Sarah. Language Register and Why It Matters. Drsaraheaton.com. 22 May 2012.Lund University staff. Register Types.  .Lunduniversity.lu.se. 21 February 2011.Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling.  American English: Dialects and Variation, 3rd Edition.  Ã‚  John Wiley Sons, 2015.  Young, Jennifer. How Did That Register? Five Levels of Formality in Language. Altalang.com. 1 May 2012.

Importance of Economics - 553 Words

Economics plays an important role in firm decision-making. Macroeconomic conditions affect the firm in a number of different ways, including demand, taxation, competition, hiring and borrowing rates. Considering these in turn, demand for toothbrushes and other consumer staples is not cyclical with the health of the economy. While the macroeconomic health of the country is important, demand should not fall much when the economy stumbles. The business cycle is particularly important because right now we are in a state of slow recovery from recession. If this recovery picks up, our expansion will see strong gains, part of which will simply come from the economic expansion (Simpson, 2012). Taxation is an element of fiscal policy, and we should ensure that the strategies we undertake will minimize the tax burden placed upon the company. Competition is encouraged by trade policy. Americas commitment to free trade means that we could potentially face a number of international competitors but more importantly that we are likely to have easy access to any number of foreign countries. Hiring is something that is affected by macroeconomic conditions and is directly relevant to our current expansion plans. Our ability to find quality people is one of the things that will influence our success in the marketplace. In a down economy, with a higher unemployment rate, it is more likely that we will be able to find good people. We can have an easier time hiring sales reps fresh out ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Islamic Economic1933 Words   |  8 Pagesknow what is Islamic economic before we carry on discussing the importance of Islamic economic. There are two main categories of definition of Islamic economic are ventured by Muslim economists. 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Skills Are Important For the Smooth Functioning Of the Organization

Question: Discuss About Skills Are Important For The Smooth Functioning Of The Organization? Answer: Introduction The leadership skills are important for the smooth functioning of the organization. The leadership is considered as the action by which one person directs a group of people or directs an organization as a whole (Johansen 2012). It is a practical skill who strives to create a compelling vision for the future. It fosters motivation as well as inspiration among the people to engage with the vision. The leaders know how to deliver a vision and hence engages in the coaching of his team members (Johansen 2012). The leaders are instrumental in setting the right direction for his team and they are considered as exciting, dynamic and inspiring individuals. It is important for the organizations to engage in greater collaboration so that the organization processes can remain flexible (Smith et al. 2012). The leaders should know how to handle the forces of change in the organization. Change management is a constant process which needs to be handled by adequate leadership competencies (Jeston and Nelis 2014). This case study revolves around transforming PepsiCo into more flexible kind of organization by utilizing the best leadership competencies and leadership skills. This report would outline the most important leadership competencies that would be required in this situation and critically evaluate the same. Leadership Skills and Competencies The leadership is an important attribute which is evident in all the organization. The leadership skills of the senior members decide the success or the failure of the organizations (Johansen 2012). The modern-day organizations are constantly incorporating changes in the organizations and a great amount of leadership is required for this purpose. A change management process would be successful only if there is adequate amount of leadership skills displayed by the senior management (Johansen 2012). The change management process in Pepsi should be done in a creative manner so that the organizational goals are achieved. According to the transformational leadership style, the leaders of Pepsi should work smoothly with the employees so that the necessary change spots can be identified well. One of the most important skills that the leader should possess is effective communication skills (Northouse 2012). He should be able to share information among his team members easily. A free flow of critical business information is required for bringing in adequate change in the organization. An effective communication process comprises of several layers such as encoding, decoding, message, communication channel and the management of noise (Northouse 2012). A leader should know how to leverage the correct communication channel so that it becomes most effective to communicate with the employees (Lussier and Achua 2015). He should also pay attention to minimizing the noise in the surrounding whi le communicating. He should choose an appropriate medium so that there are less disturbances and the receiver would be able to decode the message easily (Northouse 2012). The leader should convey his message in a clear and lucid manner so that it can be absorbed by the employees. In the case scenario of Pepsi, the communication can be regarding the change in the former structure of the Marketing Research Department (MRD), which needs to be properly communicated among the team members so that they are aware of the initiative (Northouse 2012). The top management wanted to change the business offerings, which should be communicated to the team members, otherwise, this objective would not be accomplished. The goal setting theory of leadership would help the leaders of Pepsi to undergo transformational change in the organization (Northouse 2012). This theory is helpful in the assessment of the commitment and the performance of the employees by providing them giving constructive feedbacks . It is also one of the tools by which the leaders motivate his followers for giving optimum performances. The followers would be motivated if they are aware of the goals of the change management process, that the senior leadership wants to undertake (Northouse 2012). The leaders should not only engage in communicating their ideas but should also try to understand the viewpoints of the team members (Arnold and Boggs 2015). It is important to take feedback from the team regarding any potential suggestions or any improvements, which can be suggested by them. The leaders should possess active listening skills that would help him to listen to his employees carefully (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The employees require support and attention from their leaders in order to give their best performance. They also want their issues would be listened and addressed by their leader (Northouse 2012). It is important for the leaders to understand the facial expressions, body language and the natural behavioral tendencies of his team members (Daft 2014). The leaders should take care of the individual professional needs of the employees so that there is the creation of a trustworthy relationship needed for their overall development in the performance (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders must have essential skills of an effective listener (Hargreaves and Fink 2012). He should act in a responsible manner, listen for new ideas, judge the existing content, find common areas of interest, exercise his own mind, engage in creativity and engage in active listening (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2012). The leader should focus on two-way communication process instead of concentrating on one-sided talk. The listening skills is considered as a core leadership responsibility that is inherent in a diverse workforce (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). This would help in effective team work, which would be easier to implement the change process. The leaders of Pepsi should engage in transactional leadership, which emphasizes on organization, supervision and the performance of employees (Spillane 2012). This form of leaders usually promotes compliance in the team through the implementation of punishments or rewards. The leaders should have the skills of constantly monitoring the work of the team so that any necessary performance deviation can be focused at. The change management process requires optimum performance from all the team members and hence it is important to have leaders with transactional leaders characteristics (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The Pepsi leaders should aim for increasing the operational efficiency by adhering to the pre-determined rules. The leaders should have influencing skills. It is important for the leaders to be able to motivate his team so that they are able to meet their performance standards (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). It is important for the leaders to empower his team so that they feel enthusiastic about their work. The act of empowerment can be described as the ability of sharing power and the act of delegating power among the tea members (Clarke 2013). The empowerment is very essential for a team since it would enhance the productivity of the employees. This would make the employees focus on their work and give their maximum performance. The empowerment is considered as value orientation for the employees and the corresponding influence over others life which would lead to positive outcomes (Green 2012). The act of empowerment would ensure that aims, objectives and the organizing framework for knowledge are fulfilled. The empowerment is synonymous with the delegation function of the leaders (Golem an Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders of PepsiCo should understand that the work load should be segregated into smaller components and given to the subordinates so that they can perform the task in a perfect manner. The delegation and empowerment goes hand in hand since the leaders would delegate crucial tasks to members who they trust, which is one of the core parameters of empowerment (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The empowerment can be achieved by the leaders by following seven crucial steps. It starts with the periodic briefing of the leaders to the employees so that they are aware of the important updates about the change management process (Cheng et al. 2012). The next step comprises of the suggestion system that encourages the followers to share things which are important for the change management process. In this step, the leaders also can contribute to the discussion or listen carefully to the suggestions made by the followers. The third step in the process of empowerment lies with the participation of the groups (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The empowerment sessions should be attended by the maximum number of participants so that there is maximum impact in the group. The next step comprises of the forming quality circles for the delivery of the empowerment sessions (Rubin and Babbie 2016). The quality circles are the workers group who perform similar kind of work in the organizati on. This group is headed by the leaders, who are instrumental in delivery of the best quality of work. The next step of empowerment comprises of the utilization of the cross functional teams (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). Pepsi should not only try to empower the employees working in marketing teams, but should also try to focus on the employees working in other departments also. This would lead to productive and happy workplaces which would increase the overall motivation level of the employees. The leaders should also concentrate on the empowerment of the self-directed teams as well as self-managed teams (Kauffeld and Lehmann-Willenbrock 2012). These kind of teams works independently without the constant support and supervision of the leaders. These two groups of employees have the highest outcomes out of the empowerment process, since the leaders have to deal with these groups in a minimal level, as they work as a team with minimum requirement of an external person (Goleman Bo yatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders of Pepsi need sufficient creativity skills in order to sustain the change management process. He should know how to do the common things in a different manner that is new in the workplace and which would provide maximum productivity (Strazdas et al. 2013). They are also supposed to implement innovation and they should have the capability to think out of the box. This would help the company to do successful restructuring of the company and that would lead to higher competitive advantage (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). This can be done by brainstorming activities in the organization in which there is participation from the maximum number of members in the organization (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The organizational leaders should be flexible, fast and efficient enough so that they are able to guide the team members in an appropriate manner. Conclusion The leaders of the organization are the pioneers who bring in successful changes in the system, which are good for organizational well-being. The senior managers of PepsiCo have decided that there would be change management program in the organization, which would need essential leadership traits. Some of the most important skills of the leaders are good communication skills, ability to influence, empower, adopt creative approach and set goals for their team members. This report discussed some of the most important traits that are required for the leaders in this particular case scenario. The transactional and the transformational theories are discussed to gain an in-depth understanding of the context. The leaders should pay attention to the diversity of the workforce by addressing to the individual needs of the employees. It is also important to formulate suitable policies for the motivation of the employees working under the leaders so that they would willingly take part in the cha nge management process. There can be financial or non-financial modes of motivating people that should be adopted by the senior management. These skills as well as competencies of the senior leadership of Pepsi would help them to accomplish the objectives of the change management process. References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Arnold, E.C. and Boggs, K.U., 2015.Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Cheng, C.Y., Chua, R.Y., Morris, M.W. and Lee, L., 2012. Finding the right mix: How the composition of self?managing multicultural teams' cultural value orientation influences performance over time.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(3), pp.389-411. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Green, F., 2012. Employee involvement, technology and evolution in job skills: A task-based analysis.Industrial Labor Relations Review,65(1), pp.36-67. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D., 2012.Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Johansen, R., 2012.Leaders make the future: Ten new leadership skills for an uncertain world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kauffeld, S. and Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., 2012. Meetings matter: Effects of team meetings on team and organizational success.Small Group Research,43(2), pp.130-158. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Rubin, A. and Babbie, E.R., 2016.Empowerment Series: Research Methods for Social Work. Cengage Learning. Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Wessels, A.K. and Chertok, M., 2012. A paradoxical leadership model for social entrepreneurs: Challenges, leadership skills, and pedagogical tools for managing social and commercial demands.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(3), pp.463-478. Spillane, J.P., 2012.Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Strazdas, R., ?ernevi?i?t?, J., Morkevi?ius, V., Jan?oras, Ã… ½. and KregÃ… ¾dait?, R., 2013. Collective creativity skills development in study process: insights about students teamwork.ICERI2013 Proceedings, International Association of Technology, Education and Development (IATED).

Merchant Of Venice-Portia & Bassanios Indifference To Wealth Essays

Merchant Of Venice-Portia & Bassanio's Indifference To Wealth How little is the cost I have bestowed in purchasing the semblance of my soul,(3.5.19-20) is where the heart of this play is in my eyes. Portia doing what she can for her one true love, Bassanio. Money is of no importance to her especially when it comes to the happiness or unhappiness of Bassanio. There are many places in the Merchant of Venice that show Portia and Bassanios indifference, and what seems to be apathy toward wealth. Many are hidden and many are as clear as day to the reader. I found that reading into The Merchant of Venice was a fun and interesting experience. The way Shakespeare wrote his plays makes people really think about what they are reading; it reminded me of a maze. Portia, an unspoiled Princess to riches, a Princess that doesnt need to think or worry about money. It is something she has an unimaginable amount of, yet it doesnt change who she is or what her values are. Her father seemed to instill in her that money isnt everything to everybody; how you care about people and values are what matter the most in life. When we first see Bassanio, he is telling Antonio of a secret trip he plans to take to win the heart of Portia; yet he has no means to get there due to his extravagant living which has left him in debt to others. At first money seems to be of some importance to Bassanio, but towards the middle of the play his thoughts seem to change. Although Portias father does not have a so-called character in The Merchant of Venice; his presence is definitely felt through Portias character, as well as the scrolls on the caskets. In doing this, Portias father in a way still had a hand helping to choose the right husband for his daughter. When each of the princes come to woo Portia and go into the casket room, they look for what would be the most creative answer in picking out the casket. The gold casket scroll reads Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. (2.7.4-5). When the reader first sees this, he thinks the gold casket would make the most sense. Portias father would have put her picture in there, because it is gold and full of riches as is Portia. Reading into this the reader might think that Portias father would not put her picture in this one, because love is richer than gold. The prince that would pick this one is not interested in love only Portias wealth. The second casket made of silver states Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. (2.7.7) I have yet to think why any Prince with half a brain would pick this casket over gold or lead. To pick this, deep inside, they did not want to marry Portia. Apparently, the gold wasnt intriguing enough for them yet the lead was too poor. The lead casket would be the most appealing to the Prince who really wants to win Portias heart and not her riches. This scroll reads Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath. (2.7.9) When Bassanio and Portia discuss his choices she asks him to think about his choices carefully because it will determine their future forever. Bassanio although deeply in debt to moneylenders, can see past the gold and silver of the first two caskets, and hazards his chance with the lead casket. The scroll inside this casket proves this point; You that chose not by the view, Chance as fair, and choose as true: Since this fortune falls to you, Be content, and seek no new. If you be well pleasd with this, And hold your fortune for your bliss, Turn you where your lady is, and claim her with a loving kiss.(3.2.130-138) From the beginning of the play, Portia seems for those times more or less of a free spirit. She has been in Belmont all of her life and knows little about Venice and its residents lifestyles. Portias father seemed to have instilled values and love in Portia from a very young age. She was taught to love and to be

The final mother-daughter relationship Essay Example

The final mother The final mother-daughter relationship Essay The final mother-daughter relationship Essay Essay Topic: The Winters Tale Jeanettes mother is a powerful woman in her home and church and forcibly puts forward her views. She is selfish and ruthless and sulks if God does not concur with her will for destruction making her an outside target for mockery. Jeanette is a pawn in her mothers tag match against the rest of the world (p. 3) She does not let her maternal role hinder her career in the church. It is only with Jeanettes shock revelation of Lesbianism that her mother seems to change a little nearer the end of the novel: Her awareness that oranges are not the only fruit seems to suggest she has changed her one mindedness, especially as she becomes more like Elsie in the end and is able to express love and acceptance to Jeanette; However she will always be at war with the world and homosexuality with always be demonised and could never be accepted in the eyes of the lord I love you almost as much as I love the Lord. We see the constraints in Jeanette and her mothers relationship when Miss Jewesbury has forced Jeanettes mother to get medical attention for Jeanettes deafness. Her mother has little comfort and simply writes her a letter prods (p. 27) and leaves her alone. Her mothers devotion and infatuation with the missionary has forced Jeanette to originally believe she was filled with the Holy Spirit however, when medical authority overrules this Jeanette feels her mothers abandonment. Jeanettes mother offers little maternal care and brings oranges as a substitute for the maternal longing Jeanette wants and the short, bluntness of So I was alone. emphasises the isolation Jeanette feels. The lack of involvement and emotional distance in this familys personal relationship is iterated by the fact that Jeanettes mother could not attend and would send her husband usually with a letter and a couple of oranges (p. 29) The use of the word husband also could be an expression of Jeanettes sense of her fathers insignificance in terms of his influence in the family, or source of support. The final mother-daughter relationship we are made slightly aware of is that of Rubys and her little nut-brown girls (p. 381) Ruby as a mother in present generation is able to rule her individual life, the expectance of womens roles through the generations are all contrasted here as Ruby gains her own confidence to be the mother figure she always aspired to be, and has the courage to, when she realises shes leading the wrong life (p. 360) completely start again and thus not become the foolish mother (p. 381) bringing the whole cyclic focus of the book to an end the endless repetitive cycle of family history is finalised with the notion that women now have the chance to change roles from a martyred wife (p. 170) to ending the novel on a strong confirmation of personal identity; I am alive. I am a precious jewel. I am a drop of blood. I am Ruby Lennox. (p. 382). In OANTOF the main character, Jeanette, and her mother are engaged in a quest to attain a sense of identity beyond the limitations placed on them as relatively poor women in a male dominated, class prejudiced society. Both women are put in a place of lesser importance and unaware segregation Jeanette for her sexuality and her mother because of her faith. This indifference from society causes them to be almost in exile also seen in BTSATM but their sense of being called to be apart (p. 42) simultaneously enables them to forge an identity for themselves in defiance of the culturally, compulsory prescribed roles for women of the time. Jeanette and her mother could be said to be orphaned as her mother was abandoned by her middle class family when she marries Jack, and Jeanette is given up for adoption. This seems the opportunity for self-creation, as it does for many of the orphaned characters of nineteenth century fiction, among them Jane Eyre, whose life story seems to echo that of the real and imagined stories of Jeanette and her mother. The tale of Jane Eyre is essential in understanding the key themes and meaning of OANTOF as Jeanettes mother is able to revise the plot to perfection, it seems, however we later learn how this account is a flawed perception in order to shelter Jeanette from the realities of sin outside the missionary Jane Eyre (in Jeanettes mothers version) marries the ambitious missionary St John Rivers rather than the passionate almost Byronic hero Rochester, this could be interpreted as Jeanettes mothers plan for a devoted life to the missionary for Jeanette. The opening of the book immediately engages the reader and makes us aware of the strong sense of Jeanettes mothers personality and outlook on life; my mother liked to wrestle; it didnt matter what. She was in the white corner and that was that (p. 3) this quote suggests that the novel will deal with typical issues of growing up in a nuclear family. The dual narrative Winterson uses here mocks Jeanettes mothers doctrinaire, narrow minded views and is expressed through a typically childlike list of friends an enemies reducing Jeanettes mothers status and importance. Jeanettes mothers confrontational attitude is demonstrated by the fact she wanted the Mormons to knock on the door (p. 3) so that she could wrestle with them. Automatically we realise Jeanettes mothers struggle with the Rest of the World to assert her devout convictions. We see the difficulty in Jeanette and her mothers relationship in that we are, significantly, not only told that Jeanette was on her mothers list of friends only at first, but the layout of the text reinforces Jeanettes relegation of me predictably to the enemies list; It is this anticipation of the plot that prepares the reader for mother-daughter conflict. Jeanette will only stay on the friends list if she conforms to her mothers plan for her to become a missionary. Her mothers desire for power and influence is mocked here as she aspired to be the first virginal pregnancy; she was very bitter about the Virgin Mary getting there first (p. 3). There is much irony directed against Jeanettes mother due to the comparison between her bitterness and selfishness against the sympathetic qualities of the Virgin Mary. Winterson uses the Bible to undermine its authority and her mothers views; We had no wise men because she didnt believe there were any wise men, but we had sheep (p. 4). Both novels employ an immediacy structurally to highlight the nuclear dysfunctionality for example both books start the central theme on their first pages, even by a Foetal Ruby. Ruby in BTSATM illustrates her fathers drunkard like qualities and unloving routine like quality to the act of making love with her mother as he rolls off her mother and plunges into a dreamless sleep thanks to the five pints (p. 1). This structural immediacy is seen in OANTOF also as the first page sets out the tone for the rest of the novel and includes humorous narrative in order to mock her mother and her innate combative nature. Jeanettes father, Jack, contrasts his wife strongly in that he is the Joseph to her Virgin Mary. He occasionally will rebel against his wifes authority, for example watching the wrestling on a Sunday however he is still presented as a passive figure to her mother. Jeanette feels sympathy for her poor dad (p. 11) and realises his dissatisfaction and inferiority to her mother, he was never quite good enough (p. 11) and did not push himself (p. 8). His absence from the majority of the novel illustrates the unimportance of him as a source of paternity. Both fathers are rarely mentioned in both novels, representing the authors feelings as fathers being the lacking role, the two books can almost be seen as feminist in this respect. In conclusion both texts have obvious similarities in relation to the representation of family relationships, as both Atkinson and Winterson use two mothers struggles with society to exaggerate their dysfunctionality within their family and both mothers also suffer from the yearning for another man, with Jeanettes mother wanting Pastor Spratt and Bunty wanting the life she was about to have before being deserted by her fianci. However there are differences also in that Jeanette learns from her mothers authoritative confidence in qualities to help herself with her lesbianism whereas Ruby learns from her mothers mistakes, and vows to change her life unlike her mother did.