What Is Register in Linguistics

In  linguistics, the register is defined as the  way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality,  also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined by such factors as social occasion, context,  purpose, and audience. Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace; in The Study of Language, linguist George Yule describes the function of jargon as helping to create and maintain connections among those who see themselves as insiders in some way and to exclude outsiders. Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You dont even need to use an actual word to communicate effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing hello speaks volumes. Types of Linguistic  Register Some linguists say there are just two types of register: formal and informal. This isnt incorrect, but it is an oversimplification. Instead, most who study language say there are five distinct registers. Frozen: This form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. Examples: The Bible, the United States Constitution, the Bhagavad Gita, Romeo and Juliet.Formal: Less rigid but still constrained, the formal register is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used, and contractions are rare. Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Grays Anatomy, by Henry Gray.Consultative: People use this register often in conversation when theyre speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one another. Examples: the lo cal TV news broadcast, an annual physical, a service provider like a plumber.Casual: This is the register people use when theyre with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and family. Its probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk with other people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common, and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings. Examples: a birthday party, a backyard barbecue.Intimate: Linguists say this register is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private. Intimate language may be something as simple as an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lovers ear. Additional Resources and Tips Knowing which register to use can be challenging for English students. Unlike Spanish and other languages, there is no special form of a pronoun expressly for use in formal situations. Culture adds another layer of complication, especially if youre not familiar with how people are expected to behave in certain situations. Teachers say there are two things you can do to improve your skills. Look for contextual clues such as vocabulary, use of examples, and illustrations. Listen for tone of voice. Is the speaker whispering or yelling? Are they using courtesy titles or addressing people by name? Look at how theyre standing and consider the words they choose. Sources Yule, George. The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2014, Cambridge.Eaton, Sarah. Language Register and Why It Matters. Drsaraheaton.com. 22 May 2012.Lund University staff. Register Types.  .Lunduniversity.lu.se. 21 February 2011.Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling.  American English: Dialects and Variation, 3rd Edition.  Ã‚  John Wiley Sons, 2015.  Young, Jennifer. How Did That Register? Five Levels of Formality in Language. Altalang.com. 1 May 2012.

Importance of Economics - 553 Words

Economics plays an important role in firm decision-making. Macroeconomic conditions affect the firm in a number of different ways, including demand, taxation, competition, hiring and borrowing rates. Considering these in turn, demand for toothbrushes and other consumer staples is not cyclical with the health of the economy. While the macroeconomic health of the country is important, demand should not fall much when the economy stumbles. The business cycle is particularly important because right now we are in a state of slow recovery from recession. If this recovery picks up, our expansion will see strong gains, part of which will simply come from the economic expansion (Simpson, 2012). Taxation is an element of fiscal policy, and we should ensure that the strategies we undertake will minimize the tax burden placed upon the company. Competition is encouraged by trade policy. Americas commitment to free trade means that we could potentially face a number of international competitors but more importantly that we are likely to have easy access to any number of foreign countries. Hiring is something that is affected by macroeconomic conditions and is directly relevant to our current expansion plans. Our ability to find quality people is one of the things that will influence our success in the marketplace. In a down economy, with a higher unemployment rate, it is more likely that we will be able to find good people. We can have an easier time hiring sales reps fresh out ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Islamic Economic1933 Words   |  8 Pagesknow what is Islamic economic before we carry on discussing the importance of Islamic economic. There are two main categories of definition of Islamic economic are ventured by Muslim economists. The first categories consist of definitions that concentrate on the principles of Shari’ah that make up the framework or the milieu of the behavior of economics agents. While the second categories focuses on the behavior of the agents themselves. Hasanuz Zaman defines Islamic economics as â€Å"the knowledge andRead M oreThe Importance Of Economic Globalization704 Words   |  3 Pagesmarkets to the maximum extent under the current conditions. Economic globalization can bring about the most advantageous conditions for production, sell in the most favorable market, achieve the optimal monetary development in the world, improve economic efficiency and make the commodities more in line with consumers needs. Second, to promote and strengthen the development and competitiveness of the international division of labor. Economic globalization has promoted the continuous expansion of theRead MoreThe Importance Of Financial Economics960 Words   |  4 PagesAs such, it is paramount to channel most of the expenditure on items that are deemed primary in life. Although the view of what falls into the primary and secondary category is subjective and depends on ones level of life, from the financial and economic sense, we shall take the item Car as secondary. From this, it can be seen that four types of expenses are spent on this single item, totaling $270 monthly yet it is secondary. Insurance is a bold step in hedging and cushioning oneselfRead MoreThe Importance Of Economic Globalization1583 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumers contribute to economic globalization by purchasing products from transnational corporations, every single day. The source takes an opinion against globalization, specifically economic globalization. Which is the interdependence that economies across the world rely on each other to continue and prosper. These economies rely on each other, because countries buy, and trade products that they can not produce, with those that can. The sources main point against economic globalization is thatRead MoreThe Importance Of The Economic Crisis1171 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the first couple of years following the economic crisis of 2008, the media was full of stories featuring Americans nearing retiremen t age whose 401(k) accounts had lost a significant amount of money. For example, in 2009, (-- removed HTML --) CBS (-- removed HTML --) interviewed several people in their 50s and 60s who had seen their life savings reduced by 50 percent or more. Many expressed their disappointment that the dream retirement they had anticipated for so many years would neverRead MoreImportance Of The Micro Economic Environment1471 Words   |  6 PagesActivity one: 1.1Explain the importance of the micro-economic environment to business organisations: Microeconomics looks at how individual players in the economy, such as households and firms, interact. It focuses on the impact that their economic choices have on the allocation of scarce resources to meet unlimited demand. These interactions match what one party wants or demands in economic term and what the other gives in exchange (supply). Each time someone buys a chocolate bar from a newsagentRead MoreImportance Of Economic Market Structures1406 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Economic Market Structures Before an organization or investor makes a strategic decision to enter a product in today’s economy, a thorough market analysis is vital to fully comprehend the domestic and international demand, current suppliers, entry and exit barriers present, and cost of production for the product or service being provided. The culmination of this investigation identifies the market structure the product resides in, associated potential long-run profitability, costRead MoreThe Economic Importance of Cultural Diversity1135 Words   |  5 Pagesis cheaper for any organization. Then after a few years, he or she can get tired of that job, and get something of their own, like for example, a restaurant. This restaurant then would turn out into a franchise that would give the country a better economic stance. Many Americans believe that immigrants are a burden to the economy, because they get free medical or they do not pay taxes. All immigrant students go to school for free. They do not have to pay money. I can say for experience that this isRead MoreThe Importance Of Tourism For Economic Growth Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment began to recognize importance of tourism for economic growth. They initiated reform of Cancun city (Visitmexico,2012). The government constructed travel zone, residence zone and an international airport as a master plan (Cancuntravel, n.d). Cancun seems to be quite young place. However; it has contributed large percentage of Mexico’s tourism-related revenue. And according covey (2015) stated 4.8 million visitors have come in Cancun compared to 4.6 million in 2013. Martà ­nez, Nechar, andRead MoreImportance Of Economic Market Structure3664 Words   |  15 Pages Importance of Economic Market Structures Kevin Green Economics 204 Principles of Microeconomics Charles Fanning 8-3-14 Importance of Economic Market Structure In today’s economy, before an investor or any organization makes a strategic decision to begin production of a product, a market analysis is done to get vital information and to thoroughly understand the domestic or international demand, current suppliers, entry and exit barriers into a market, and the cost of producing a product

Skills Are Important For the Smooth Functioning Of the Organization

Question: Discuss About Skills Are Important For The Smooth Functioning Of The Organization? Answer: Introduction The leadership skills are important for the smooth functioning of the organization. The leadership is considered as the action by which one person directs a group of people or directs an organization as a whole (Johansen 2012). It is a practical skill who strives to create a compelling vision for the future. It fosters motivation as well as inspiration among the people to engage with the vision. The leaders know how to deliver a vision and hence engages in the coaching of his team members (Johansen 2012). The leaders are instrumental in setting the right direction for his team and they are considered as exciting, dynamic and inspiring individuals. It is important for the organizations to engage in greater collaboration so that the organization processes can remain flexible (Smith et al. 2012). The leaders should know how to handle the forces of change in the organization. Change management is a constant process which needs to be handled by adequate leadership competencies (Jeston and Nelis 2014). This case study revolves around transforming PepsiCo into more flexible kind of organization by utilizing the best leadership competencies and leadership skills. This report would outline the most important leadership competencies that would be required in this situation and critically evaluate the same. Leadership Skills and Competencies The leadership is an important attribute which is evident in all the organization. The leadership skills of the senior members decide the success or the failure of the organizations (Johansen 2012). The modern-day organizations are constantly incorporating changes in the organizations and a great amount of leadership is required for this purpose. A change management process would be successful only if there is adequate amount of leadership skills displayed by the senior management (Johansen 2012). The change management process in Pepsi should be done in a creative manner so that the organizational goals are achieved. According to the transformational leadership style, the leaders of Pepsi should work smoothly with the employees so that the necessary change spots can be identified well. One of the most important skills that the leader should possess is effective communication skills (Northouse 2012). He should be able to share information among his team members easily. A free flow of critical business information is required for bringing in adequate change in the organization. An effective communication process comprises of several layers such as encoding, decoding, message, communication channel and the management of noise (Northouse 2012). A leader should know how to leverage the correct communication channel so that it becomes most effective to communicate with the employees (Lussier and Achua 2015). He should also pay attention to minimizing the noise in the surrounding whi le communicating. He should choose an appropriate medium so that there are less disturbances and the receiver would be able to decode the message easily (Northouse 2012). The leader should convey his message in a clear and lucid manner so that it can be absorbed by the employees. In the case scenario of Pepsi, the communication can be regarding the change in the former structure of the Marketing Research Department (MRD), which needs to be properly communicated among the team members so that they are aware of the initiative (Northouse 2012). The top management wanted to change the business offerings, which should be communicated to the team members, otherwise, this objective would not be accomplished. The goal setting theory of leadership would help the leaders of Pepsi to undergo transformational change in the organization (Northouse 2012). This theory is helpful in the assessment of the commitment and the performance of the employees by providing them giving constructive feedbacks . It is also one of the tools by which the leaders motivate his followers for giving optimum performances. The followers would be motivated if they are aware of the goals of the change management process, that the senior leadership wants to undertake (Northouse 2012). The leaders should not only engage in communicating their ideas but should also try to understand the viewpoints of the team members (Arnold and Boggs 2015). It is important to take feedback from the team regarding any potential suggestions or any improvements, which can be suggested by them. The leaders should possess active listening skills that would help him to listen to his employees carefully (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The employees require support and attention from their leaders in order to give their best performance. They also want their issues would be listened and addressed by their leader (Northouse 2012). It is important for the leaders to understand the facial expressions, body language and the natural behavioral tendencies of his team members (Daft 2014). The leaders should take care of the individual professional needs of the employees so that there is the creation of a trustworthy relationship needed for their overall development in the performance (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders must have essential skills of an effective listener (Hargreaves and Fink 2012). He should act in a responsible manner, listen for new ideas, judge the existing content, find common areas of interest, exercise his own mind, engage in creativity and engage in active listening (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2012). The leader should focus on two-way communication process instead of concentrating on one-sided talk. The listening skills is considered as a core leadership responsibility that is inherent in a diverse workforce (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). This would help in effective team work, which would be easier to implement the change process. The leaders of Pepsi should engage in transactional leadership, which emphasizes on organization, supervision and the performance of employees (Spillane 2012). This form of leaders usually promotes compliance in the team through the implementation of punishments or rewards. The leaders should have the skills of constantly monitoring the work of the team so that any necessary performance deviation can be focused at. The change management process requires optimum performance from all the team members and hence it is important to have leaders with transactional leaders characteristics (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The Pepsi leaders should aim for increasing the operational efficiency by adhering to the pre-determined rules. The leaders should have influencing skills. It is important for the leaders to be able to motivate his team so that they are able to meet their performance standards (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). It is important for the leaders to empower his team so that they feel enthusiastic about their work. The act of empowerment can be described as the ability of sharing power and the act of delegating power among the tea members (Clarke 2013). The empowerment is very essential for a team since it would enhance the productivity of the employees. This would make the employees focus on their work and give their maximum performance. The empowerment is considered as value orientation for the employees and the corresponding influence over others life which would lead to positive outcomes (Green 2012). The act of empowerment would ensure that aims, objectives and the organizing framework for knowledge are fulfilled. The empowerment is synonymous with the delegation function of the leaders (Golem an Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders of PepsiCo should understand that the work load should be segregated into smaller components and given to the subordinates so that they can perform the task in a perfect manner. The delegation and empowerment goes hand in hand since the leaders would delegate crucial tasks to members who they trust, which is one of the core parameters of empowerment (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The empowerment can be achieved by the leaders by following seven crucial steps. It starts with the periodic briefing of the leaders to the employees so that they are aware of the important updates about the change management process (Cheng et al. 2012). The next step comprises of the suggestion system that encourages the followers to share things which are important for the change management process. In this step, the leaders also can contribute to the discussion or listen carefully to the suggestions made by the followers. The third step in the process of empowerment lies with the participation of the groups (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The empowerment sessions should be attended by the maximum number of participants so that there is maximum impact in the group. The next step comprises of the forming quality circles for the delivery of the empowerment sessions (Rubin and Babbie 2016). The quality circles are the workers group who perform similar kind of work in the organizati on. This group is headed by the leaders, who are instrumental in delivery of the best quality of work. The next step of empowerment comprises of the utilization of the cross functional teams (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). Pepsi should not only try to empower the employees working in marketing teams, but should also try to focus on the employees working in other departments also. This would lead to productive and happy workplaces which would increase the overall motivation level of the employees. The leaders should also concentrate on the empowerment of the self-directed teams as well as self-managed teams (Kauffeld and Lehmann-Willenbrock 2012). These kind of teams works independently without the constant support and supervision of the leaders. These two groups of employees have the highest outcomes out of the empowerment process, since the leaders have to deal with these groups in a minimal level, as they work as a team with minimum requirement of an external person (Goleman Bo yatzis and McKee 2013). The leaders of Pepsi need sufficient creativity skills in order to sustain the change management process. He should know how to do the common things in a different manner that is new in the workplace and which would provide maximum productivity (Strazdas et al. 2013). They are also supposed to implement innovation and they should have the capability to think out of the box. This would help the company to do successful restructuring of the company and that would lead to higher competitive advantage (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). This can be done by brainstorming activities in the organization in which there is participation from the maximum number of members in the organization (Goleman Boyatzis and McKee 2013). The organizational leaders should be flexible, fast and efficient enough so that they are able to guide the team members in an appropriate manner. Conclusion The leaders of the organization are the pioneers who bring in successful changes in the system, which are good for organizational well-being. The senior managers of PepsiCo have decided that there would be change management program in the organization, which would need essential leadership traits. Some of the most important skills of the leaders are good communication skills, ability to influence, empower, adopt creative approach and set goals for their team members. This report discussed some of the most important traits that are required for the leaders in this particular case scenario. The transactional and the transformational theories are discussed to gain an in-depth understanding of the context. The leaders should pay attention to the diversity of the workforce by addressing to the individual needs of the employees. It is also important to formulate suitable policies for the motivation of the employees working under the leaders so that they would willingly take part in the cha nge management process. There can be financial or non-financial modes of motivating people that should be adopted by the senior management. These skills as well as competencies of the senior leadership of Pepsi would help them to accomplish the objectives of the change management process. References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Arnold, E.C. and Boggs, K.U., 2015.Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Cheng, C.Y., Chua, R.Y., Morris, M.W. and Lee, L., 2012. Finding the right mix: How the composition of self?managing multicultural teams' cultural value orientation influences performance over time.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(3), pp.389-411. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Green, F., 2012. Employee involvement, technology and evolution in job skills: A task-based analysis.Industrial Labor Relations Review,65(1), pp.36-67. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D., 2012.Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Johansen, R., 2012.Leaders make the future: Ten new leadership skills for an uncertain world. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kauffeld, S. and Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., 2012. Meetings matter: Effects of team meetings on team and organizational success.Small Group Research,43(2), pp.130-158. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Rubin, A. and Babbie, E.R., 2016.Empowerment Series: Research Methods for Social Work. Cengage Learning. Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Wessels, A.K. and Chertok, M., 2012. A paradoxical leadership model for social entrepreneurs: Challenges, leadership skills, and pedagogical tools for managing social and commercial demands.Academy of Management Learning Education,11(3), pp.463-478. Spillane, J.P., 2012.Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Strazdas, R., ?ernevi?i?t?, J., Morkevi?ius, V., Jan?oras, Ã… ½. and KregÃ… ¾dait?, R., 2013. Collective creativity skills development in study process: insights about students teamwork.ICERI2013 Proceedings, International Association of Technology, Education and Development (IATED).